Mom's Depression Alters Baby Language Learning

A mother's depression can extend the sensitive period in which babies learn their native tongue, while treatment with serotonin reuptake inhibitors (antidepressants) for moms or moms-to-be seems to accelerate the process, new research finds.

However, scientists aren't yet sure how either result influences babies' ultimate language development.

"The findings highlight the importance of environmental factors on infant development and put us in a better position to support not only optimal language development in children but also maternal well-being," study researcher Janet Werker, a psychologist at the University of British Columbia, said in a statement. Werker and her colleagues encouraged moms and moms-to-be with depression to seek treatment.

"It is really important that pregnant women discuss all treatment options with their physicians or midwives," study researcher Tim Oberlander, a professor of developmental pediatrics at the University of British Columbia, said in a statement.

Learning language

Babies acquire language (and other life skills) in a series of sensitive periods. Infants are born able to discriminate sounds from any language, but already preferentially process the noises of their native tongue, the result of hearing it while in utero. By about 10 months, however, the ability to discern sounds not present in the child's native tongue begins to vanish. This sensitive period helps explain why people raised bilingual from an early age can sound like a native speaker in both languages, while people who learn a foreign language later will always struggle to lose their accents. [9 Incredibly Brainy Baby Abilities]

Certain medications can influence brain development and plasticity, the ability of the brain to adapt and rewire. According to Werker and her colleagues, between 15 percent and 20 percent of women experience depression during pregnancy, and as many as 13 percent of pregnant women are treated for depression with SRIs, or serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs), a mood-stabilizing medication.

To find out if depression or its treatment influence language development, the researchers tested babies on their ability to tell languages apart. They recruited 85 6-month-old babies, 21 of whom had moms with depression and 32 of whom had moms with depression who had been treated during pregnancy with SRIs.

At 6 months and 10 months, the babies heard recordings of the English syllable "da" and the Hindi syllable "da." To a native English speaker, these sounds are virtually indistinguishable, but they are subtly different: Hindi speakers make their "da" sound by touching the tongue to their top teeth, while English speakers make their "da" by touching the tongue to the roof of the mouth behind the teeth.

In a second experiment, the same babies watched silent videos of people speaking either English or French. Normally, babies can tell the languages apart by mouth movements only until about 8 months of age.

In both cases, researchers determined if babies could tell the difference between the languages by playing one and then switching to the other. They then measured if the babies looked longer at the new sound or not. If they did, the researchers knew they could tell the difference. If they didn't, it was because the new stimulus seemed the same as the old, and thus didn't attract the babies' attention. [Photos: How Babies Learn]

Depression and development

The results revealed that kids of healthy, non-medication-taking moms could generally tell the languages apart at 6 months of age, but lost the ability at 10 months of age, as expected. But babies of moms with depression responded differently. When moms had received SRI treatment, the babies displayed unusual maturity in their discrimination patterns: They failed to discriminate between different languages at 6 months old.

A second experiment that involved playing vowels and consonants for fetuses of 36 weeks gestation found that the early maturation began even then. In fetuses of moms taking SRIs, recognition of native consonants was advanced. (Researchers measured recognition by tracking each fetus's heart rate.)

Likewise, babies of depressed moms showed changes from the norm. These babies seemed to have a longer-than-usual sensitive period of language development. They could still differentiate between different languages at 10 months of age.

In other words, SRI treatment seems to accelerate a baby's attention to their own language, while unmedicated depression seems to delay that attention. Researchers don't yet know whether this effect has any real-world consequences for how babies learn to speak.

"These findings once again remind us that poor mental health during pregnancy is a major public health issue for mothers and their infants," Oberlander said. "Non-treatment is never an option. While some infants might be at risk, others may benefit from mother's treatment with an antidepressant during their pregnancy. At this stage we are just not sure why some but not all infants are affected in the same way."

Depression in pregnancy has also been linked to childhood asthma and aggression, highlighting the need for treatment.

The researchers plan further studies with other types of antidepressants. They report their results today (Oct. 8) in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

Follow Stephanie Pappas on Twitter @sipappas?or LiveScience @livescience. We're also on Facebook?& Google+.

Copyright 2012 LiveScience, a TechMediaNetwork company. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/moms-depression-alters-baby-language-learning-190459614.html

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Find and fix these seven security slips | TechRepublic

Takeaway: Guest blogger Roe Woerner, Director of the M.S. Cybersecurity program at Bellevue University, points out seven common security slips that organizations should address in new risk assessments.

By Ron Woerner

First thing first: IT security leaders do an incredible number of things right when it comes to protecting the enterprise, the employees within it, and the organizational data. But we all have room for improvement, especially with our security. These are areas that upon closer reflection, don?t really service the security mission ? even if some of those very things have become accepted as ?best practice? approaches over time.

Likewise, there probably are some steps we haven?t taken that improve security, due to time pressures, no budget, or a lack of management support.

The following scenarios are common missteps taken in an organization?s security program. If you see yourself and your security organization in any of the following scenarios, now?s the time for a course correction.

#1 You?re over-protecting the environment.

Here?s a time-honored assumption in the security community: There?s no such thing as too much security. Well, actually, there is. It?s going a step too far, for example, to aggressively lock down internal folders so that employees can?t share files conveniently. If you do, they?ll find ways around the security measure that are much more risky. Security has to be appropriate to the risk at hand and balance protection policies against the need for the business to get the job done efficiently and effectively.

If you forget about that in this globally competitive environment, you may not have to worry much longer about your business? security, either - since the organization may find itself left in the dust by more nimble players.

#2 You?re under-protecting the environment.

There is another side to the ?too much? security story, and that?s when there really is too little security. The University of Nebraska, for example, recently had an incident in which Social Security Numbers, names, addresses, and other information about students who attended the school since the 80s was apparently breached. Reports indicated that the personally identifiable data may have been poorly encrypted, if at all.

Under-securing some things while over-securing others has a common root cause: The lack of a real process for assessing and managing risks. Decisions about security approaches to particular issues should be guided by a simple rule: Risk = impact x probability, offset by the cost of mitigation. Yes, it takes time to undertake such an assessment across the enterprise, but it?s the only way to understand where the greatest vulnerabilities lie, and structure protection accordingly. Plus, with this approach you can start with those risks that have the highest impact or greatest likelihood, rather than trying to address everything in the enterprise.

#3 Your password guidelines are out of touch with reality.

It?s one of the oldest security chestnuts in the book: Almost every IT security organization mandates that users shouldn?t share their passwords with anyone else. Yet, that?s the very requirement that high-ranking executives are most likely to pay no mind to. They regularly pass their security details right along to their administrative assistants (aka secretaries), who very often require the information to accomplish what the boss expects of them.

If your CEO is not going to comply with password guidelines, how can you expect conformance throughout the company? More to the point, what sense does it make to even have a requirement where you can?t determine compliance and that will be flouted at every level? A better solution is to allow users to share security information with known and trusted entities as needed, and with the understanding that they are accountable for their decisions and the access to their accounts. This will encourage all users to choose password partners wisely. It?s a low-risk approach, and more importantly, it doesn?t set a tone in the organization that it?s okay to bypass IT security policies at will.

#4 Your security and IT staff is ?above the law.?

Imagine if the members of Congress didn?t need to follow the laws they themselves created. That wouldn?t work for the country, and it doesn?t work for the enterprise if security teams bypass the processes they?ve put in place to ensure the organization stays safe.

Yet, it frequently happens. Take, for example, the policy of least privilege for access to both virtual and physical resources, which most security groups apply to pretty much everyone else in the organization. But very often you hear stories about infosec personnel or systems administrators having more access than needed. The fact is that everyone in the organization should play by the same rules and be kept to the same standards of limited access. That includes having a process by which temporary access to data or systems is revoked after a staffer has addressed an unexpected issue for which he isn?t normally responsible.

#5 Your security procedures for safe IT troubleshooting aren?t well-defined.

Reducing security controls ? turning off antivirus software or firewall rules, for example ? while troubleshooting is a common practice. But procedures to ensure that no risky behavior is engaged in while those controls are turned off (like checking email), and confirming that those controls are later turned back on, often run a little fast and loose.

That?s a mistake that IT security teams need to rectify quickly, before hackers can take advantage of inattentive behavior. A fix could include, for example, having an independent validator ensure that anti-virus software that was turned off on an employee?s PC actually is turned back on after tech support solves the user?s problem. It?s also important to make sure that security teams confirm the alerts they get about issues like inactive AV, too, and not just turn off the notification.

#6 You give the business what it wants without understanding what it needs.

IT security groups sometimes are asked by the business to deploy a particular solution, without being told what the real problem is. Following those requests without probing into the heart of the matter could result in busting the budget on products that don?t necessarily make the business more secure.

It?s important that IT security leaders ask to have the problem clearly stated, and also have the authority to determine the best methods to handle it, whether that is a new technology deployment, or a policy or process change.

#7 Forgetting deterrence as a security product.

The U.S. military is already there, getting out the message that the government will hack back if it?s cyberattacked. If your IT team isn?t taking deterrence seriously, it should be.

Let employees know that you reserve the right to monitor Internet activity, for instance, and they?ll think twice about visiting sites they shouldn?t, for fear of repercussions. Letting people know you have a strong security presence is a smart step to a more secure environment.

The issues listed above are common in many organizations, so you are not alone. You should take the time to address these and take baby steps in correcting your course for a more secure enterprise. With the end of the year on the horizon, why not assess how your security organization can do better, so that the New Year can start off right?

Ron Woerner is a noted speaker and writer in the security industry and the Director of the M.S. Cybersecurity program at Bellevue University. He has twenty years of corporate experience in Information Technology and Security, and has worked for HDR, TD Ameritrade, ConAgra Foods, Mutual of Omaha, CSG Systems, and the State of Nebraska. Ron earned his B.S. in Computer Science from Michigan State University and his M.S. in Information Resources Management from Syracuse University. He is a Certified Information Security Professional (CISSP) and Certified Ethical Hacker (CEH).

Source: http://www.techrepublic.com/blog/security/find-and-fix-these-seven-security-slips/8494

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Waiting, worrying amid deadly meningitis outbreak

Patsy Bivins, 68 of Sturgis, Ky., drinks coffee while sitting on her porch with her dog Little Britches at her apartment in Sturgis, Ky., Friday, October 5, 2012. Bivins was injected with steroids at St. Mary Sugricare in Evansville, Ind., who notified her of possibly being infected with bacterial Meningitis. (AP Photo/Stephen Lance Dennee)

Patsy Bivins, 68 of Sturgis, Ky., drinks coffee while sitting on her porch with her dog Little Britches at her apartment in Sturgis, Ky., Friday, October 5, 2012. Bivins was injected with steroids at St. Mary Sugricare in Evansville, Ind., who notified her of possibly being infected with bacterial Meningitis. (AP Photo/Stephen Lance Dennee)

Patsy Bivins, 68 of Sturgis, Ky., sits on her porch with her dog Little Britches at her apartment in Sturgis, Ky., Friday, October 5, 2012. Bivins was injected with steroids at St. Mary Sugricare in Evansville, Ind., who notified her of possibly being infected with bacterial Meningitis. (AP Photo/Stephen Lance Dennee)

Patsy Bivins, 68 of Sturgis, Ky., sits on her porch with her dog Little Britches at her apartment in Sturgis, Ky., Friday, October 5, 2012. Bivins was injected with steroids at St. Mary Sugricare in Evansville, Ind., who notified her of possibly being infected with bacterial Meningitis. (AP Photo/Stephen Lance Dennee)

Patsy Bivins, 68 of Sturgis, Ky., kneels down while walking her dog Little Britches at her apartment in Sturgis, Ky., Friday, October 5, 2012. Bivins was injected with steroids at St. Mary Sugricare in Evansville, Ind., who notified her of possibly being infected with bacterial Meningitis. (AP Photo/Stephen Lance Dennee)

NASHVILLE, Tenn. (AP) ? Patsy Bivins tossed and turned all night after finding out the steroid shot she received to ease her chronic back pain could instead threaten her life.

For now, all the 68-year-old retired waitress can do is hope she doesn't develop the telltale signs of a rare form of fungal meningitis that health officials say has sickened more than 60 people in nine states: a splitting headache, fever, stiff neck, difficulty walking or worsening back pain. There may be hundreds or even thousands more like her.

She called her doctors Friday, right after her first cup of coffee, hoping to relieve the anxiety stirred a day earlier when she learned she might be at risk. Bivins was told only that she didn't need to be checked unless she developed symptoms.

"I'm not sure if I like it," Bivins, of Sturgis, Ky., said Friday in a telephone interview with The Associated Press. "Seems like there should be some way to tell it before you get the symptoms. Honestly, it makes me worse than I was."

Federal health officials say seven people have died so far, and they fear thousands more could have been exposed. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has said the outbreak may have been caused by a steroid made by a specialty pharmacy in Massachusetts, where inspectors found at least one sealed vial that was contaminated. It's not yet clear how the fungus got into the steroid, which is commonly used to treat back pain. But officials have told health professionals not to use anything made by the pharmacy.

So far, the government has identified about 75 facilities in 23 states that received the recalled doses. It is not yet clear exactly how many people could get sick, though health officials say the fungus is not transmitted from person to person.

The CDC has called for clinics and doctors to immediately identify those who could have been exposed between July 1 and Sept. 28. It could be weeks before any of the patients are in the clear.

"Sure I'm apprehensive, but there's not a thing I can do except wait and see what happens," said Richard Jenkins, an 81-year-old from Nashville who received his most recent shot Sept. 11 at the Saint Thomas Outpatient Neurology Surgery Center.

The chief medical officer for the Tennessee Department of Health said Friday the incubation period for the disease isn't yet known and he advised at-risk patients to be vigilant for symptoms for weeks.

"A month is the shortest we'd possibly want to consider that. We're looking at a longer period of time before we'd feel confident that somebody is out of the woods," Dr. David Reagan said.

The company at the center of the outbreak, the New England Compounding Center, had been investigated by Massachusetts regulators in 2006. That led to an agreement for a full inspection of its drug compounding practices, including sterility.

A spokesman for NECC said the company would have no further comment Friday. It has previously said that it is cooperating with health investigators to determine the source of the infections.

Bivins, a widow who lives in western Kentucky about an hour from Evansville, Ind., received two injections in her lower back on Aug. 27. It was the first time she had received steroid injections and the constant pain in her lower back, hips and legs was eased.

She said she doesn't blame the doctors ? they were just trying to help her, not knowing the steroid could have been contaminated. She was told Thursday by Our St. Mary's Surgicare Cross Pointe facility in Evansville, Ind., that she could be at risk, which made for a restless night. For now, she tries to pass the time by arranging things in the apartment she moved into a few days ago.

"I can't sit around here and dwell on it all the time and go nuts," she said.

___

Schreiner reported from Louisville, Ky. Associated Press writer Lindsey Tanner contributed to this story.

Associated Press

Source: http://hosted2.ap.org/APDEFAULT/386c25518f464186bf7a2ac026580ce7/Article_2012-10-06-Meningitis%20Outbreak-Waiting/id-9a3a7d0a52fb42b99fca5026e116c236

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Mom who glued kid's hands to wall faces life term

FILE - This undated file handout photo from the Dallas County Sheriff's Department shows Elizabeth Escalona who admitted to beating her 2-year-old daughter and gluing her hands to a wall. Escalona pleaded guilty July 12, 2012 to injury to a child. The young mother is scheduled to be sentenced Monday, Oct. 8, 2012, and faces up to life in prison. (AP Photo/Dallas County Sheriff's Department)

FILE - This undated file handout photo from the Dallas County Sheriff's Department shows Elizabeth Escalona who admitted to beating her 2-year-old daughter and gluing her hands to a wall. Escalona pleaded guilty July 12, 2012 to injury to a child. The young mother is scheduled to be sentenced Monday, Oct. 8, 2012, and faces up to life in prison. (AP Photo/Dallas County Sheriff's Department)

DALLAS (AP) ? A doctor has testified that a Texas mother who glued her 2-year-old daughter's hands to a wall also beat the toddler so badly that she suffered significant brain trauma and bleeding inside her skull.

Elizabeth Escalona pleaded guilty July 12 to injury to a child. The 23-year-old mother is being sentenced Monday. She faces up to life in prison. A state district judge will decide her punishment.

The doctor showed photos of the beaten child.

The toddler was in a coma for two days after the Sept. 7, 2011, incident. Police records show the toddler's siblings told investigators their mother repeatedly kicked the girl in the stomach and hit her with various objects before gluing her hands to the wall.

Police say Escalona was mad about potty training problems.

Associated Press

Source: http://hosted2.ap.org/APDEFAULT/386c25518f464186bf7a2ac026580ce7/Article_2012-10-08-Toddler-Glued%20to%20Wall/id-99f9394f71804c5baf86f2bc9c179cef

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Private space station delivery to launch Sunday

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. (AP) ? A private company is on the verge of launching another cargo ship to the International Space Station.

On Sunday night, California-based SpaceX will attempt to send a Dragon capsule to the orbiting lab and its three-member crew.

Liftoff of the company's unmanned Falcon rocket is scheduled for 8:35 p.m. EDT. Forecasters put the odds of acceptable weather at 60 percent. Thick clouds and rain are the main concerns.

A Dragon cargo ship successfully docked to the space station last May, but that was considered a test flight. The coming mission is the first under a $1.6 billion contract with NASA that calls for a dozen resupply flights by SpaceX, essential in the post-shuttle era.

"We got there once. We demonstrated we could do it, so there might be a teeny, teeny bit of relaxation. Not a lot, though," SpaceX President Gwynne Shotwell told reporters Saturday night.

NASA was monitoring a potentially threatening piece of orbiting junk, but said that even if the space station had to steer clear of the object, that would not delay the SpaceX mission.

This newest Dragon will haul about 1,000 pounds of food, clothes and gear, including ice cream for the American, Russian and Japanese astronauts on board. (The ice cream will go up in freezers meant for research). Even more cargo will be coming back.

The capsule will remain docked to the space station for most of October. Astronauts will fill the capsule with blood and urine samples, other experiments and old equipment, for its return to Earth at the end of the month. By then, the complex will be back to a full crew of six.

The nearly 500 tubes of blood and syringes of urine have been stashed in space station freezers since the last space shuttle flight, by Atlantis, in July 2011. The decommissioned Atlantis, and sister ships Discovery and Endeavour, are now museum relics.

NASA nutritionist Scott Smith said these blood and urine samples ? part of medical studies ? will be the first to be returned since Atlantis' final voyage.

"This is the first real return vehicle for this type of sample," Scott said.

The cargo ships periodically flown by Russia, Japan and Europe do not have the capability to return anything; they burn up upon re-entry. The SpaceX Dragons parachute down into the Pacific, reminiscent of NASA's old-time capsules.

"While it may seem very strange to some folks, my typical line is that, 'It may be urine to you, but it's gold to us,'" Smith said. "There's a lot of science that comes out of this."

NASA's space station program manager, Mike Suffredini, is also thrilled about having an American spacecraft bearing goods. It's much easier to get last-minute equipment aboard a U.S. capsule, he noted. The Dragon, for example, will carry up a new pump for the space station's urine-into-drinking water recycling system.

"Shipping and customs can kill you when you're trying to get overseas," Suffredini said.

SpaceX ? or Space Exploration Technologies Corp. ? is run by billionaire Elon Musk, a co-founder of PayPal who also directs the electric car maker Tesla Motors.

His space company is working to turn the unmanned Dragon vessels into craft that could carry Americans to the space station in the coming years. Until SpaceX or another U.S. company can do that, NASA astronauts will have to keep riding on Russian rockets at a steep cost.

SpaceX estimates it will be ready to launch crews aboard Dragons in three years.

NASA, meanwhile, expects to name within a few weeks the U.S. astronaut and Russian cosmonaut who will spend an entire year aboard the space station, beginning in spring 2015, twice the usual length for a mission. Suffredini said the list of potential candidates is "very short."

Another NASA official said only previous space station crew members are under consideration for the two slots because they're already trained in the systems of the orbiting complex.

On Friday, the space agency said it would commit to a yearlong mission to learn what it will take for humans to journey beyond low-Earth orbit ? Mars, for example.

Russia already knows. Three cosmonauts spent at least a year aboard the old Mir space station; the record for a single stint is almost 15 months.

No American has spent more than seven months in space at a time.

___

Online:

SpaceX: http://www.spacex.com/

NASA: http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/main/index.html

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/private-space-station-delivery-launch-sunday-221200656.html

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Tigers score in 9th, beat A's 5-4 for 2-0 lead

DETROIT (AP) ? A dropped fly, two wild pitches and a little smooch for the baseball by a relieved reliever.

Then Don Kelly brought it all to an end with a simple fly ball.

Kelly scored the tying run on a wild pitch in the eighth inning, then hit a bases-loaded sacrifice fly in the bottom of the ninth that lifted the Detroit Tigers over the Oakland Athletics 5-4 Sunday for a 2-0 lead in their AL playoff series.

Detroit will go for a sweep of the division series matchup in Game 3 on Tuesday at Oakland.

Triple Crown winner Miguel Cabrera doubled twice for the Tigers, hit a fly ball that resulted in a two-run error and later singled in the ninth.

The Tigers overcame three A's leads and seesawed to victory. It was 1-all before a wild final three innings that included a big Oakland misplay, two game-tying wild pitches and several momentum changes.

It was the sixth straight postseason loss for the A's, all to Detroit. The Tigers swept Oakland in the 2006 AL championship series, winning the series on Magglio Ordonez's homer in Game 4 ? which was Detroit's last sudden-death postseason win before Sunday.

It was tied at 4 after both teams made their share of mistakes in the seventh and eighth. Cliff Pennington gave the A's the lead with an RBI single in the seventh, but center fielder Coco Crisp dropped Cabrera's two-out flyball in the bottom half, allowing two runs to score.

Oakland tied it in the eighth on a wild pitch by Joaquin Benoit, and Josh Reddick followed with a solo homer to give the A's a 4-3 lead. Then it was Ryan Cook's turn to throw a tying wild pitch, allowing Kelly to score as a pinch runner.

Pennington nearly came through again for Oakland in the ninth, but his deep drive down the left-field line was just foul. With runners on first and third and two out, Alburquerque got Yoenis Cespedes on grounder to the mound ? and it looked like the right-hander planted a little kiss on the ball before throwing to first after he fielded the comebacker.

On a drizzly day at Comerica Park, both teams were sloppy with the game on the line.

With runners on first and second and two out in the seventh, Cabrera lifted a fly to center. Crisp, charging hard, tried to make a basket catch but bobbled the ball. He nearly recovered to make a falling grab, but the ball popped out of his glove and the Tigers took a 3-2 lead.

Cespedes led off the eighth with a single and stole second and third. With one out and the infield in, Benoit threw a wild pitch to allow the tying run. The worst was still to come for the Detroit reliever, who allowed Reddick's homer to right that put Oakland ahead 4-3.

Reddick had struck out in all six at-bats in the series before that.

Oakland again gave up the lead immediately. The A's have taken the lead four times in this series, but on each occasion they failed to hold it through the bottom half of the inning.

Doug Fister allowed two runs and six hits in seven innings for Detroit, striking out eight. Rookie Tommy Milone was impressive for the A's, allowing a run and five hits in six innings. He struck out six.

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/tigers-score-9th-beat-5-4-2-0-195347289--mlb.html

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Romney Says He was 'Completely Wrong' About '47 Percent' Comments

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